Z. F. Xu, Y. Kawaguchi, L. You, M. Ueda
We develop a scheme based on symmetry properties of the system to find ground states of pseudo spin-1/2, spin-1 and spin-2 spin-orbit coupled spinor Bose-Einstein condensates. As the SO(2) symmetry of simultaneous spin and space rotations is broken into discrete cyclic groups, various types of lattice structures are shown to emerge, such as two different kagaome lattice phases for pseudo spin-1/2 condensates and a nematic vortex lattice phase in which uniaxial and biaxial spin textures align alternatively for spin-2 condensates. For the pseudo spin-1/2 case, the states with odd atom number always break time-revesal symmetry, while for even atom number there is always a time-reversal invariant many-body ground state, which is fragmented.
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http://arxiv.org/abs/1203.2005
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