Yong Xu, Zhu Chen, Hongwei Xiong, W. Vincent Liu, Biao Wu
We investigate $p$-orbital Bose-Einstein condensates in both the square and checkerboard lattice by numerically solving the Gross-Pitaevskii equation. The periodic potential for the latter lattice is taken exactly from the recent Hamburg experiment. It is confirmed that the staggered orbital-current state is the lowest energy state in the $p$ band. Our numerical calculation further reveals that for both lattices the staggered $p$-orbital state suffers Landau instability but the situation is remarkably different for dynamical instability. A dynamically stable parameter region is found for the checkerboard lattice, but not for the square.
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http://arxiv.org/abs/1211.5848
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