Emmi Ruokokoski, Jukka Huhtamäki, Mikko Möttönen
We investigate the stationary states of spin-1 Bose-Einstein condensates in the presence of Rashba-Dresselhaus-type spin-orbit coupling. Previously this coupling has been predicted to generate exotic ground-state structures. We study numerically the energies of various stationary states as functions of the spin-orbit coupling strength and map the ground states of the condensates. Our results indicate that for strong spin-orbit coupling, the ground state is a square vortex lattice, irrespective of the value of the spin-spin coupling. For weak spin-orbit coupling, the lowest-energy state may host a single vortex. Furthermore, starting from the homogeneous approximation, we analytically derive constraints that explain why certain stationary states do not emerge as ground states. Importantly, we show that the distinct stationary states can be observed experimentally by standard time-of-flight spin-independent absorption imaging.
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http://arxiv.org/abs/1205.4601
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